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The Hazardous Travel on Soft Snowpack

A plunge through the snowpack

While the snowpack on the Continental Divide in the Bitterroot Range of Montana and Idaho remains soft, change is in the works. With the more direct rays of the mid-March sun coupled with a forecast in the next seven days of warming temperatures, a crust is finally going to form on the surface. That means I will be able to travel with lessening danger of breaking through the surface of the snow.

Because I travel alone during the winter, conservative actions are essential. That means I should take no chances in the many feet of deep snowpack with anything less than a strong crust. The snowpack needs to carry my weight and a large backpack, in addition to pulling a sled. While wearing snowshoes, a deep plunge through the snow with a load can blowout joints and even break bones. An accident like this can happen even on a flat, but is particularly hazardous in a descent. In addition, if the crust is just barely strong enough to carry my weight, that is synonymous to more plunging in an ascent, making the climb impossible to complete without breaking the load down and ferrying my gear and supplies to the top of the hill/mountain. Need I say that there is no joy in that type of travel?

A weak crust, this area of the Centennial Mountains was fine for travel until I began a small ascent. A snowshoe broke through, and the rest of my body dropped through the snowpack.

Powder snow or a weak crust is tough to travel through, impossible on a long haul, and nearly so when only going out for two or three days. In the next 60 days, I plan to exit three times for two days each over a distance of 203 miles. The rest of the time, I will be ascending and descending continuously, doing push back on the cold while evading the Continental Divide’s windy storms and the consequential avalanche zones. The last thing I need is to go out on a snowpack that will not hold approximately 300 pounds of weight.

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Continental Divide The First Leg

A Premature Trip

Camp-Two on Sawmill Creek ridgeline, barely enough snow for camp water. (Click on any photo to enlarge.)

I left Lima Montana on December 2, 2018. While antsy to get going, I was also worried. The day before, I had driven through the snowpack 12.2 miles to Sawmill Creek trailhead without issue. Throughout the drive however, I had spotted gravel on the snow-covered road surface, something the sled would not be able to handle. On that same day in a day hike, I walked 1.3 miles and ascended nearly 900 feet up Sawmill Creek Ridgeline. Throughout the walk, I had encountered rocks, roots, and sagebrush. On December 2, another day hike was not forthcoming, but rather the Continental Divide trip itself would begin. Would there be enough snow?

On Sawmill Creek ridgeline with Red Conglomerate Peaks (10,250 feet) in the background.

Caption for photo at top of the post: The Thumb (9,700 feet) located in the southernmost area of the Bitterroot Range, can be seen from Interstate Highway 15, 6 miles north of Monida Pass. The peak complex, shared by Montana and Idaho, is part of the Continental Divide.

At my second camp on the ridgeline, the snow remained not quite enough. I continued to hold out hope that as I ascended to the base of Red Conglomerate Peaks there would eventually be enough snow to protect the belly of my new sled. Arriving at the third camp, although the snow was deeper my sled had scraped over protruding rocks less than 100 feet from where I built my camp. The following morning, now near the saddle that would take me into Little Sheep Creek drainage, I knew that the snowpack was not going to get much deeper; I messaged my wife that I would exit. She arrived at the trailhead by midafternoon, and we headed home.

The continuing route above Camp-Two, nearing the foot of Red Conglomerate Peaks and Camp-Three.

Long before December 1, I knew I would be taking a chance on whether there would be enough snow for the sled. What I had sought to do was to have enough powder snow to travel in, which was not yet deep enough to stop my forward progress. This type of snow is the norm until at least mid-February. Pushing through a foot and half to 3 feet of powder is extraordinarily difficult. For the backcountry traveler using either cross-country skis or snowshoes, powder snow is the bane of forward progress. With this in mind, I nevertheless sought to cut into the 220 miles of travel for the winter of 2019, although I quietly thought if I was somehow cheating. Only, because of the too low snowpack, I did not get away with this strategy. In the process, I might even have destroyed a new sled. Whether I will have to replace it remains undecided.

To be clear, I am not open to any sort of discourse on what I consider is cheating. What I believe is what I will go with in a summary of those six days on the ridgeline. As tempting as it remains to be, I will make no further attempts at traveling with a sled in a too low snowpack. What that interprets for the trip is a big wait of approximately 60 days until the snowpack has a base and a crust. In addition, it is doubtful I will forgo the sled and travel with only a backpack. Those days are likely at an end.

On the other hand, if I do go in with just a backpack and snowshoes my load weight will be approximately 70 pounds, which is the bare-bones survival level. An example of the peril this load would have trouble coping with would be if the temperature dropped to 40 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. If it stayed there for two or more days, I would be in trouble. Nevertheless, because I am anxious to travel I will give the backpack without a sled more consideration for this first leg of the journey.

The Sawmill Creek trailhead on December 2, 2018. Over one third of the load was in a tree 1.3 miles up on the ridgeline. Use of snowshoes did not begin until I left Camp-Two.

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Trip’s Beginning, Ferrying the Load

During the ascent of Sawmill Creek ridgeline on the still visible Continental Divide Trail.

Yesterday, December 1, 2018, the approximate date I was to begin traveling along Montana and Idaho’s portion of the Continental Divide, I sort of did begin. Throughout the last several years, in the Sawmill Creek area I have lost four resupplies to the “Finders keepers, losers weepers” crowd who frequent the area during the autumn. So this year I did a couple things different.

First, in October I located the resupply a much greater distance from the trailhead, and then placed it on a steep forested North face slope. What I did second, yesterday, was make it back up there and ascertain the resupply was still in the tree. Moreover, just in case it was not, I brought a replacement. As it turned out, the cache was still there.

On December 1, 2018, the resupply on Sawmill Creek ridgeline, the first of 25 placed on Montana and Idaho’s portion of the Continental Divide

Last night on the phone, my wife questioned the logic of what I did next. I left the second resupply at the location, giving me a total of 12 days of food and 20 days of fuel. Here is where foolish makes itself known. When I arrive there today with the rest of my load, and then load up what is already there, I will be pushing through the powder snow with a load that weighs 125 pounds. Again, from my previous post, I am clear that that amount of weight is ridiculous in the mountainous terrain I am attempting to get through.

On the other hand, I have known for quite some time that I would be ferrying the load during the beginning of the trip. There is no way that I can pull a singular load with that amount of weight through powder snow up a mountain.

When I break camp on December 3, this view and what is in it, awaits my efforts.

In addition to toting the resupply up the ridge yesterday, I also brought my tent and the entire kitchen. While today’s load getting up to the cached materials will be 80 pounds, that is still a whole lot better than the original 105 pounds I was doomed to bring.

Finally, I will not be leaving Lima Montana until after noon. That is when my ride will become available. In short, it is unlikely that I will make it beyond where my gear and food is presently located. I will lose daylight by 5 PM. Not only is darkness tough to work with getting things done, but it also brings colder temperatures into the mix.

Well, I suppose I won’t be going hungry anytime soon.

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CDT 2019, The Journey Continues

In 72 hours the winter journey along the Continental Divide in Montana and Idaho continues. Near Lima Montana, Sawmill Creek Road will take me to the Sawmill Creek Trailhead approximately 12 miles from Interstate 15, if it is still open. Otherwise, I will snowshoe that distance. There is nothing easy here. If I am able to drive to the trailhead, I will immediately have 3 miles to travel in an ascent of 1700 feet, most of it with 114 pounds on board.

Near the end of the winter of 2018 on the Continental Divide in the Bitterroot Range of Montana and Idaho, a 1000-foot ascent with a 90-pound load.

Now I know there are supermen out there, particularly in the movies, books and on the Internet. I am not one of them. In my case, a climb like that in powder snow with this load is utterly ridiculous, likely impossible, yet essential, and therefore requiring a substantial amount of extra travel. I will have to break the load down and ferry my gear and food up the mountainside. I am figuring three days—3 miles.

In my opinion, and it is the only one that really counts here, this is one hell of a lousy way to begin a 3 to 5 month journey. Nevertheless…

If successful, besides the daily forward progress generic message updates, at the end of 40 miles I will place another update with photos on my website.

From a meadow, at an altitude of 8800 feet, Sawmill Creek Canyon ridgeline, a pleasant July view of Garfield Mountain (10,961 feet).

…. And then it was 2022!? WTH!!

An update is coming, right about when the last vestiges of summer are passing. I’ll be back shortly. Hint: A Thousand Miles of Winter has continued throughout the last three winters. RGL

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Into the Bitterroot Range

In the summer of 1968, the year I turned 17, I visited a friend at his parent’s ranch in Montana’s Bitterroot Valley. It was June or August; I am unsure which. The reason I know it was one of those two months was because they were bucking bales of hay, 85 to 95 pounds of twined grass for the following winter’s feeding of their cattle. A difficult job, throwing those scratchy, heavy and awkward bales onto the flatbed trailer, where someone else stacked them neatly in layers. The work required lots of upper body strength, leather gloves and regardless of how hot the day may have been, wearing a long sleeve shirt.

Day-7 of 11 during the final leg of travel in the Centennial Mountains of Idaho and Montana.

On the ground strolling next to the moving trailer were three men. They were throwing the bales up to the man on the growing stack of hay. One of these men was a shocker for me. My friend’s grandfather, and he was old! I said nothing as I watched this guy stay up with the younger men. To me he was a phenomenon. All the people I knew that were his age, the World War I generation, had retired, were drawing pensions and sitting around waiting for that last breath and the stilling of their hearts.

Not him! He was strolling on that field at about 2 miles per hour picking up those bales, throwing them, and occasionally cussing when one would penetrate his long sleeve shirt and scratch his arm. He absolutely did not belong out there and yet there he was refusing that rocking chair.

That year also marked the 50th anniversary of when the Doughboys fought in France, thereby ending the Great War. He was one of those soldiers or marine.

Watching the old man and seeing the difference, inwardly I shook my head. I figured I would be one of those who would quit; claiming old age, rather than go down like him pushing the envelope to the very end.

A year after that momentous occasion I joined the Army and went to Vietnam. Now 50 years later, I may have been wrong about me.

In a matter of hours, I will connect the sled to the backpack, slip into the snowshoe harnesses, throw the backpack on, and travel into the great and barren wilderness of the Bitterroot Range for an unknown number of weeks. This will be my longest leg yet with 52 miles to travel and 28 days of supplies to get me through 11,000 feet of ascending and descending.

Quit hell! Maybe tomorrow.

Day-6 of 11, north face travel, 3 days of it in steep and forested terrain. Final leg of travel in the Centennial Mountains of Montana and Idaho.

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An Increased Load

With the collapse of my most important protective gear, in particular the sleeping system, but also the down coat and my active clothing, which includes my boots and torso layers, there have been additional alterations made. As a result, when I continue the trip along the Great Divide, probably Wednesday, February 21, the weight of my load has increased to 91 pounds. This leg, the third this winter, will begin in Montana in the Centennial Valley, taking me up to Pete Creek Divide in the Centennial Mountains, and then west to the Monida Pass area and Interstate 15, a distance of 20 miles.

After an overnighter at the Mountain View Motel in Lima Montana, the next leg will take me west of Monida Pass and Interstate 15, which will be much tougher. At 52 miles in length, this leg will require a heavier load.

West Camas Creek Road near Pete Creek confluence, Centennial Mountains, Idaho

Later, with winter’s worst behind me, where temperatures will have been capable of dropping to forty and more degrees below zero Fahrenheit, I will shed some of the necessary protective gear, eventually getting the load down to 83 pounds. The lighter load will happen after mid-March, when the lowest temperature will only be capable of dropping to ten below zero.

In April, the coldest temperatures will remain above zero. At that time however, it will become necessary to carry climbing gear, approximately 15 pounds of additional weight.

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The Fourth of July Resupplies

This morning, I am thinking about the two caches in Idaho near Gibbonsville. The number of hunters that were in that area when I placed the resupplies was an eye-opener, but not, apparently, enough to deter me from placing eight days of groceries and fuel up there. This close to December, it is likely too late to go verify they are still in place, unless it becomes a multi-night backcountry snowshoe trip.

Topographic map of the Fourth of July and Sheep Creek canyons where two resupplies are located. (Click on the picture to enlarge.)

Here’s the issue; those caches are 220 miles beyond the beginning of this winter’s travel. Hell, I haven’t even left yet, and whether they are still hanging in their respective trees are weighing on me. Am I to resign myself to months of worrying? God knows, throughout the last three years, as many that have gone missing after I have hung them, this is a valid concern.

The Continental Divide Trail near the head of Fourth of July Creek canyon, unusable throughout the winter.

One other item, the distance to Chief Joseph Pass is 248 miles, this winter’s original goal. If I am able to get that far, it will be a wonder. Yet in October, I decided to tack on an additional 235 miles. Nope, 248 miles will have to suffice for this winter. There are far too many hazardous locations along the route, which coupled to the great unknown—weather; gives me plenty of opportunities to get into all kinds of trouble.

Back to the original topic, I will not be making that trip to investigate whether the two resupplies are still on location.

Umm, and I reserve the right to change my mind again.

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The Hazardous Life of Counting Calories

West Goat Peak summit, Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness

British Antarctic explorer, Robert Falcon Scott and the two remaining members of his five-man Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition team perished on March 29, 1912. Low on food and fuel, and 11 miles from their next resupply, a blizzard arrived. They were so weak the last day they traveled they only covered a couple miles before they hunkered down to wait out the storm. The wind blew for a week before they finally succumbed inside their tent.

In a winter setting, to manufacture heat a person needs numerous items such as shelter, cold weather gear, and two major items, calories and movement. Because at the last moment Scott decided to bring a fifth man, the Expedition only had 4500 calories available for each man per day rather than the original 6000 calories. That eventually slowed the expedition, which simultaneously made them more susceptible to the cold and harsh conditions, which in turn slowed them further. At some point, they were unable to move fast enough to manufacture heat, making them vulnerable to frostbite, which slowed the team even more. It was the classic snowball effect . . . no pun intended.

Their experience was similar to some of my own, except I am still alive, although not because I am better than they were. Au contraire, the only group of expeditioners I have read about that might have been tougher than the Scott bunch was Lewis and Clark’s Corp of Discovery, who probably never experienced temperatures colder than brief spurts of 40 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. For the Scott Expedition below zero temperatures were the norm.

On the summit of Blodgett Pass, Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness in Montana and Idaho
A winter sunset on the summit of Blodgett Pass in Montana and Idaho’s Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness.

On March 23, 2008, my first day in Idaho after summiting Blodgett Pass, another storm would arrive before the day’s end. This was Day-6 of the first leg in my attempt at a 106-mile double winter crossing in Montana and Idaho’s Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness. Moreover, today I was supposed to have arrived at the winter-closed Elk Summit Guard Station, where I hoped my nine-day resupply waited. After two nights of below zero temperatures, and sleeping cold in my mummy sleeping bag, I still had 13 miles to travel before arriving at my cache. Only, it had just taken 5 days to complete less than 11 miles, and by the end of this day I would be digging into my 3-day emergency food stores.

In the heavily forested region of the Big Sand Creek canyon, I stopped for a breather near the end of my freshly built trail through the snow. The last time I had eaten anything was at least six hours earlier. Out came the 2/3 empty bags of raisins, prunes and peanuts. Weak and tired, I desperately needed nourishment. Shaking, I fumbled the bag of peanuts, and then dropped it into the snow at my snowshoed feet. Some of the precious contents spilled into the partly stomped snow.

Winter storm in Big Sand Creek Canyon, Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho
On March 23, 2008, during the descent into Big Sand Creek Canyon, in Idaho and Montana’s Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, the storm arrived in the early evening.

Even in the pristine woods, I have a zero tolerance rule. Whatever lands on the ground stays on the ground. Not this time. By the sixth day of the trip, I finally realized that I was slowly starving to death. My backpack’s heavily padded waist belt, already cinched as tight as it could go, remained so loose that the pack was dropping off my hips and onto my shoulders. After a few moments of indecision, I stuck my fingers into the snowpack, retrieved and then ate the combination of peanuts and snow. The spilled contents totaled approximately 100 calories. However, I knew I needed everything I could eat, with nothing wasted.

For the next three nights before I arrived at Elk Summit, the temperature dropped below zero for two of them, and I was cold in my sleeping bag. After consuming approximately 3000 calories my first evening with the resupply, in spite of the raging storm that lasted until the middle of the following day, I slept warm and soundly through the night. Besides the continuing storm stopping me the next day, greatly weakened, I was in no condition to travel. I rested and kept eating for one day before continuing the trip. I also slept warm the second night at that camp, although once again the temperature was below zero.

Elk Summit Guard Station, Idaho
Elk Summit Guard Station during the winter of 2008 in Idaho’s Clearwater National Forest. The second floor bedroom window is below eye level.

Like the Terra Nova Expedition, I had an underwhelming amount of calories for the task. My plan had been to travel the 25 miles to Elk Summit in six days. A few days before the trip began; a storm had dropped about one foot of powder snow on an already deep snowpack. I would endure two storms during the nine-day period, and then one at Elk Summit, and yet a fourth storm 48 hours later. As a result, there was no alternative but to build trail for 5.5 days before hefting my load of 80-95 pounds and carrying it to the end of each built segment. Through those 5 days, I averaged 1.7 miles of forward progress per day although I walked 5.1 miles. I had planned on four miles of forward progress per day. In short, during the first 9 days of the trip, I traveled an extra 18.7 miles getting only half of the calories that I needed. While I survived the mistake, would I learn from it?

Centennial Mountains viewed from Two Top Mountain in Henrys Lake Mountains
On Montana and Idaho’s portion of the Continental Divide, a winter view of Eastern Centennial Mountains viewed from Two Top Mountain in Henrys Lake Mountains.

Near the beginning of this winter’s travel on the Continental Divide, 48 miles is in the Centennial Mountains, 22 miles west of Yellowstone National Park. If the route is all powder snow, which I anticipate will be the case; my supplies dictate that my daily forward progress must be at least 2.09 miles. That is a greater average then when I was building trail during the first leg in Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness in 2008. There are some vital differences though. I am carrying an additional 2625 calories for each day, coupled with a load that is 15-30 pounds lighter.

The proper daily minimum amount is 6000 calories. Based on experience, in heavy powder conditions, I can anticipate my forward progress to be .33 miles per hour. Unfortunately, in a strong ascent, and there will be eight of them in the Centennial Mountains, I can consume 1000 calories per hour. Excluding the ascents, at 600 calories consumed per hour, I have enough food available to travel 7.5 hours per day, assuming I am physically fit.  In addition, there are 1500 calories for my 18-hour camps. Since no one has ever traveled this route during the winter, only my upcoming experience will reveal whether I brought enough food.

Reading this, one may question why I failed to place more food on the route. Weight. In extreme winter conditions, there is a balance between how much I can carry and ideal calorie allowances. I suspect Scott decided on an extra man at the last moment because of the weight of the gear and food. Since I am traveling alone, there is no sharing the camp gear’s weight, or getting assistance building a trail through deep powder.

If four persons were traveling this route, consuming the same amount of calories as I, using the leapfrog method, they would be able to travel between 7 and 10 miles per day, all forward progress. Moreover, they would be less tired at the end of the day. That is important since winter is far less forgiving about mistakes or shoddy work. There can be no shortcuts when building a winter camp, which takes at least double the time of any other season.

Other factors will challenge the trip, such as blizzards (days of no travel), extreme cold, busted equipment, and missing resupplies. My biggest question remains to be whether I will have enough food and fuel for each leg of the 270-343 miles of travel.

Socked in with blizzard on a peak in Centennial Mountains
During the winter of 2016, freshly socked in by a blizzard on an unnamed peak in Eastern Centennial Mountains. The wind had taken my tent a few hours earlier. After a futile search for it, I built a snowcave nearby and nearly died that night.

Note: because a strap broke on one of my snowshoes during the winter of 2008, seeking a replacement I briefly exited the trip 20 miles north of Elk Summit. My wife picked me up and we spent the first night in a nearby motel. In our room when I removed my shirt, she gasped and said I looked like a concentration camp victim. Apparently, for a short-lived period in 2008 I was very skinny.

Note two: after the Selway-Bitterroot trip was successfully completed, I reworked out the calorie numbers. I was shocked to discover that instead of approximately 5000, I only had 3375 calories available per day.

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A Four-Season Tent Critique

A one-pole, four-man pyramid tent in a winter setting

The Scott Antarctic Polar Expedition of 1911-1913 used the teepee type, single pole, and single walled tent. I used a similar four-season tent throughout my solo 150-mile winter trips in Montana and Idaho’s Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness.

During my first subzero cold with the tent, I discovered that the heat congregated above my head just before making a too quick exit through the single wall. Whenever I sat up there was virtually no heat from the floor up to my neck. This was a critical defect, since one normally sits up to sip hot drinks and eat hot meals. The best I could do was to lower the tent, an action that partly solved the problem, but increased another problem, which I will soon describe.

The interior of a pyramid tent
The interior of a pyramid tent with the outside temperature approximately zero Fahrenheit. Note the rivulets of water on the tent wall threatening my gear on the footprint. (Click on photo to enlarge.)

In addition, the floor space 1.5 feet away from the tent’s edge was useless due to melting occurrences on the walls, which happened twice a day with the use of the stove. The built up frost on the tent walls soon became dripping, but mostly pouring rivulets of water streaming onto the tent’s footprint and into my gear. As if that was not enough, the center of the tent was useless because of the single pole occupying that area. Due to the restricted area, practical usage would have prevented it from ever being more than a cramped two-man tent rather than its four-man tent status.

Eventually I lowered the single pole to bring the built up heat in the tent down to my head and torso. Unfortunately, the lesser angle and lowered tent walls removed more of the living space, which set me up for another cardinal “do not”. No part of the bedroom should ever touch a tent wall. In a winter camp, a damp sleeping bag is a step toward freezing to death. In a double walled tent, the normal tent of today, the moisture on the outer wall also pours, but not into the survival area, umm mostly.

A pyramid four-season, single wall, single pole tent
A pyramid four-season, single wall, single pole tent. The best tent I have experienced for shedding heavy snowfall.

I should mention that the tent of 100 years ago was not waterproof like all of the modern tents, but then Antarctica is the driest continent on Earth, where it never rains. The point I wish to make is that the porous cotton material greatly reduced much of the frost on the walls of yesterday’s tent. There are other distinct advantages to the pyramid tent. Properly setup, piles of falling snow, and there was plenty of that throughout the La Nina winter of 2007-2008, failed to collapse this tent. In another plus, the Scott Expedition, as with other expeditions of that time, demonstrated the strength of the tent against the wind. It handled 90 mph winds!

What convinced me to continue to use the tent in spite of its deficiencies was the phenomenally low weight, something I have no doubt Scott failed to experience. His tents likely weighed in at approximately 50 pounds while mine weighed less than 5 pounds.

In the end, the remaining three men of the five-man Scott Expedition, after attempting to wait out a blizzard for seven days, froze to death. While a mixture of circumstances brought about their demise, lack of food and fuel, with built up moisture in their sleeping gear, another may have been this type of tent.

Finally, I want to note that the manufacturer description of my tent said it was a four-season tent, which I maintain not so much. However, if one could handle insect infiltration, it would make a fine three-season tent. I do not mention the name of the company or the tent because this is a critique of this particular style of tent, which remains readily available with different companies throughout the world.

For my part, after 39 nights of winter use in 2008, I quit the single wall, one-pole tent.

A four-season, single-pole pyramid tent on a pass in Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
A four-season, single-pole pyramid tent on a pass in Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness

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Grappling With an Early Issue on the Divide

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On the Continental Divide, Bald Peak (10,200 ft) in Henrys Lake Mountains, Idaho and Montana

Bitterroot Range-Continental Divide in the Big Hole Valley
Bitterroot Range-Continental Divide in the Big Hole Valley

One of the main issues I am grappling with on the Continental Divide route, one that is only going to be behind me when I travel through the area, is the steep avalanche slopes in Henrys Lake Mountains (HLM), near West Yellowstone, Montana and Island Park, Idaho. One might expect that the Bitterroot Range, due to its much larger size of hundreds rather than 20 miles, would be far more vicious, which it would but for the powder prone snow of February when I will be in HLM. I will enter the Bitterroots in March and April, a time when the snowpack will likely have a crust to snowshoe on and a stable snowpack that is less prone to avalanche.

Traveling with a load of 90 and more pounds is no longer a viable alternative for this aging traveler.
Traveling with a load of 90 and more pounds is no longer a viable alternative for this aging traveler.

Getting my load weight down is part of the key to a successful undertaking of HLM in February. However, if I remove too much food, fuel, or equipment, more than jeopardizing the trip with another failure, the question of survivability might arise. On the other hand, too much weight with backup supplies and equipment could make the already difficult ascents and descents impossible to get through in the deep powder of the higher elevations. In addition, the heavier the load the more prone I will be to injury during descents.

I love the challenge, to use what God has given me, the practiced brain, fit body, the incredible equipment, and afterwards should I fail, not blame God or anyone else. The challenge is to get it right before the trip begins, or close enough where I will only need to make small adjustments on the route to be successful.

In spite of my concern, the reality is that this area is only a sub-challenge, part of a series of confrontations that together make up the main event, over 300 miles of snowshoe travel, #WinterOnTheDivide.

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Enough supplies?

 

Located on the Continental Divide and 10 miles beyond Henrys Lake Mountains is the Centennial Mountains.
The Centennial Mountains, located on the Continental Divide, 10 miles beyond Henrys Lake Mountains in Idaho and Montana.

Now down to mere days from venturing into Montana’s backcountry and beginning the winter training trips, which will eventually transpire into the actual Continental Divide trip, I am worried. Because of the sheer length of the trip, 418 miles, I will begin the trip 30 to 60 days earlier than the previous winter trips normal beginning near the end of February or beginning of March. For that reason, a crust on most of the snowpack is unlikely. Although wearing snowshoes, I may find myself pushing through powder snow for at least the first month and a half.

That is a problem. I will have to build a trail through the powder sans backpack, which interprets into three miles of travel for every mile of forward progress. I have plenty of experience that says under those conditions I will average one mile of forward progress every 2 ½ hours.

With only a 91-day supply for the entire trip, I have to average a minimum of 4.59 miles per day. In powder conditions that interprets into having to travel approximately 11 ½ hours per day, which is not going to happen.

Here is why. I have 6200 calories available per day. In a 12-hour camp, I will need at least 1200 calories. On the trail, I will consume a minimum of 800 calories per hour, which restricts me to traveling six hours per day. That interprets into 2.5 miles of forward progress each day while traveling in powder. Nor does this include the slower pace of the ascents inherent to mountain travel.

The distance between Raynolds and Monida Passes is 66 miles, which encompasses most of the Centennial Mountains, an area I will enter near Yellowstone National Park at the beginning of the trip. I will encounter powder snow throughout most if not all of these mountains. I have 18 days of food and fuel available for the area. For that reason, as I have already said, I am worried.

Last thing, this is a part of the adventure. I will need to find a way to overcome the problem, which by the way I am not waiting for God to solve. Without my cooperation, God does not perform miracles in the naked backcountry. The soon to begin 4 to 6 winter training trips, with a total of 29 days in the backcountry, will show me whether I have successfully surmounted the problem. There is no substitute for experience.

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Revamp for the winter of 2015-2016

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Mile Creek Canyon located on the west side of Henrys Lake Mountains in southwestern Montana. (Click on any picture for clear enlargement.)

Now the beginning of September, assembly of the caches or resupplies for the winter snowshoe trip of 2015-2016 have begun.

The gear and resupplies for the winter trips on the Continental Divide.
The gear and resupplies for the winter trips on the Continental Divide.

This is my third attempt at the first of three sections on the Continental Divide from the Wyoming border to the Canadian border in Glacier National Park. It is also the third time I have prepared resupplies for this area. Frankly, I have grown weary of placing the packages in the autumn only to retrieve them the following spring and early summer. With that said, numerous alterations continue with the resupplies, the load, and the trip itself. Here are the main changes.

• Continued to become more familiar with the route.

• Altered portions of the route to avoid bringing mountaineering gear.

• Shortened the distance for the upcoming winter.

• Made photography gear changes.

• Altered the food variety.

Camped on a saddle on top of the Continental Divide in Henrys Lake Mountains. Bald Peak (10,180 ft.) is in the background.
Camped on a saddle on the Continental Divide in Henrys Lake Mountains. Bald Peak (10,180 ft.) is in the background.

During the first days of June, on a receding snowpack I traveled in Henrys Lake Mountains. In July, I was in the southern portion of the Bitterroot Range near the Big Hole Valley. In August, I traveled in the Centennial Mountains. As a result, I altered three areas of the route.

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Black Mountain (10,237 ft.) on the Continental Divide in Henrys Lake Mountains

Although it will still be necessary to bring mountaineering gear in Henrys Lake Mountains, I changed the route at two locations in an attempt to get through the most hazardous 15 miles of it with a greater margin of safety and perhaps more quickly.

Red Rock Mountain (9500 ft.) and Mt. Jefferson (10,203 ft.) in the Centennial Mountains.
Red Rock Mountain (9500 ft.) and Mt. Jefferson (10,203 ft.) in the Centennial Mountains.

While it may be a mistake, I will omit the mountaineering gear when I travel through 60 miles of the Centennial Mountains. Rather than an ascent between Red Rock Mountain (9500 ft.) and Mt. Jefferson(10,203 ft.), my route will take me through the much milder Hell Roaring Canyon two miles west of the original ascent, which is also where the official Continental Divide Trail (CDT) is located.

The view north of Goldstone Pass in the Bitterroot Range.
The view north of Goldstone Pass in the Bitterroot Range near the Big Hole Valley.

Approximately 150 miles later, in the southern Bitterroot Range, north of Goldstone Pass, and once again carrying mountaineering gear, I will drop off the Continental Divide and follow the summer route of the CDT. These changes combined will shorten the route by seven miles.

In addition, I shortened next winter’s overall route by 120 miles. Rather than attempt to arrive on Interstate Highway 15, 30 miles southwest of Butte Montana, I will stop at Chief Joseph Pass on Highway 43. The distance I will attempt to travel through one winter is now only 338 miles rather than the original 460 miles. It had been my intention for the last two winters to include the 60 miles of Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness (APW) during the latter part of the winter season when the snowpack is the most stable.

Goat Flat area and Storm Lake Pass in Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness.
Goat Flat area and Storm Lake Pass in Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness.

The steep and treeless slopes of the APW are nothing to trifle with between January and March. Oh well, I suppose it will be good practice for when I return to Glacier National Park a few winters up the trail.

Over the last several years, I have been incrementally shedding my load of professional photography gear. This year I took what I consider a giant step in this area. I started carrying a consumer level camera and lens while still carrying a wide-angle professional lens. The weight of my camera gear dropped to five pounds. During the winter of 2006, I carried 16 pounds of camera gear. While I am unsure how this will turn out, if I am wrong I can always retrieve the pro gear at one of the four road crossings during the trip.

Through the last two winters, my heaviest loads were more than 100 pounds. This upcoming winter my heaviest load, which will occur only once along the route, should be less than 70 pounds. Unfortunately, it will happen in some of the most dangerous terrain of next winter’s travel, Henrys Lake Mountains.

Near Lionhead Mountain in Henrys Lake Mountains with a load approaching 100 pounds.
Near Lionhead Mountain in Henrys Lake Mountains with a load approaching 100 pounds.

The changes in my food will not necessarily lower the weight of the load. Nevertheless, it has become necessary to do something different. The dehydrated food I have been using for almost 10 years turns my stomach. This year I have replaced it with four varieties of freeze-dried food. In addition to palatability, the freeze-dried food gives me increased calories and protein. Losing backpack weight, as necessary as it obviously has become, is a moot point if I do not have the energy to travel due to a lack of eating what is in the pack. I need a minimum of 6000 calories per day to sustain me for approximately 2.5 months of winter travel. My previous supplies failed to do that although there was always more than 5000 calories per day in the food bag. Hell, what good is a larder if I am unable to eat from it?

After the last two winters of failures, I have little doubt that the original 460 miles is out of reach in a single winter. Admittedly, this decision to shorten the distance comes with plenty of hesitation. What if, as remote as it might be, what if there are still three weeks of winter remaining when I arrive at Chief Joseph Pass?

On December 21, 2014 in the parking lot of Chief Joseph Pass.
On December 21, 2014 in the parking lot of Chief Joseph Pass.

Hmmm, this is familiar ground; too often, I have bitten off more than I can chew. The last two winters have more than amply demonstrated that. The 338 miles will have to suffice.

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The Process of Recuperation

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Blodgett Winter Crossing of 2008
The ascent of Blodgett Pass in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness of Montana and Idaho.

I am a huge believer in healthy body and spirit by way of my own lifestyle. Now with that said, here comes a small dose of reality. The doctor called me on Sunday, yesterday. He said that one year ago my bad cholesterol level was in good shape, but not so today. In addition, he addressed my irregular heartbeat. These revelations came as the result of seeking medical help for the pain in my left leg one and one half weeks ago, which turned out to be a blood clot.

I am presently taking a wee little pill twice a day to thin my blood. The doctor wants to place a device on me for two days that will monitor my heartbeat, which I have agreed to. He acknowledges and appreciates my abhorrence of pills or anything else that goes into my mouth and identified as medication. He says my proactive actions in the last week and half with my diet and exercise may be all I need for the high cholesterol level.

The diet: no flour, no dairy products, no salt, plenty of sprouted wheat bread with peanut butter, whole-grain rice and beans, fruit, and small amounts of grass fed beef, organic roasted poultry, egg whites fried in olive oil, skin on potatoes, and plenty of olive oil. In addition, I can have no dark green vegetables because they have vitamin K in them, which coagulates blood, the opposite of what those pills are doing.

I have instructions to stay away from all stretches and exercises that could jar the clot loose, but I can continue my daily non-strenuous strolls on Mount Helena. During the minimum 2-mile walks, I am keeping my heart rate below 130 BPM, while ascending/descending 650 feet.

My website and Facebook pages concerns being an adventurer photographer, not a convalescing invalid. If you are following me, you’re getting a little more than what I originally had in mind. I have made some mistakes in my lifestyle, which at 63 years of age has come around to bite me on the butt.

I am in no way finished with backcountry adventure photography. Medical personnel have made it clear that I will be back on my feet in perhaps as little as 30 days. Clearly, I will have to be an integral and active part of the solution for that to happen. Now where in the hell did I put those teeny-tiny little pills?

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A December Weather Change

In the last week, the weather has changed in Western Montana. We have gone from moderate snowfall (between 6 inches and 3 feet, depending on the elevation) and subzero temperatures, to an extended forecast with a mixed bag of scattered rain and snow, including temperatures up to 40°F. Even the elevation of 10,000 feet along the Continental Divide has an extended forecast with a low of 20°F.

Could this be the beginning of the El Niño weather pattern? The NOAA is staying quiet. That could be the smart thing for them to do. I, on the other hand, am not part of the NOAA. Indeed, where the weather is concerned I am a hands-on kind of guy. For that reason, any attempt I would make to cross an avalanche slope after the recent snowstorm would be dangerous, even foolhardy. If it were to rain on the slope, that same attempt would likely be fatal. On the other hand, this weather can also settle the snowpack while creating a crust I can walk on with my snowshoes and crampons. This latter condition is exactly what I am hoping to have for the Continental Divide trip.

In addition, 50 miles into the Continental Divide trip beginning in January 2015, I will encounter my first slopes that require technical climbing gear to ascend and descend. Besides the peril of possible avalanches, proper placement of snow pickets in powder to anchor my rope would be difficult if not impossible.

Yesterday, I drove north for my first winter training trip, which I intended to undertake in the Dearborn River Canyon of the Scapegoat Wilderness. With the nonstop rain soaking into the snowpack at the trailhead, I canceled the trip. Forget the avalanches. Rainfall during the winter on my equipment and on me is dangerous. Nevertheless, go I will, just not up there. This morning I leave for Bannock Pass on the Montana and Idaho border to the south. According to the weather forecast, any moisture I receive down there will be snow.

To be clear, during the 90-day trip, which begins in approximately 30 days, with the exception of rain falling on the snowpack, it makes no difference what the weather conditions are. I will travel through most of it.

With that said, you know I sort of feel like I’m playing poker with the totally emotionless old man winter. Regardless of what I do, his stare never changes. I look into his eyes, at his protected card hand, and then glance at the wall behind him. There is no perceptible movement in his eyes or on his face. Finally, I place my cards on the table. In turn, he places his on the table. Then while his blank, yet cold eyes continue to stare a hole through me, his hand smashes mine to a pulp. Oh boy.

 

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Mountain Men: Explorer or Fur Trapper

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Inside the elbow on the eastern approach to Hole in the Wall, Glacier National Park.

During a recent presentation and book signing, one of the audience observed that wherever I have been the trappers and mountain men were there before me. On the surface, it seems like a reasonable statement. On further inspection though, why indeed would they have been in the higher elevations during the winter?

The mountain men of the early 19th century on the most part did not come west just to see what was out here. Before the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery Expedition left St. Louis in 1804, the British and French were already divulging information about the bountiful fur harvest ready for the taking. In 1806, the Expedition was coming down the Missouri River after having been gone for over two years when they encountered two trappers headed upstream in what is now North Dakota.

A short time later, a member of the Corps of Discovery John Colter, given an early honorable discharge, headed back upstream and briefly joined these men. In 1807, he went to work for an American fur trading company as an explorer, or scout. After visiting one area, he came back with a report of seeing bubbling mud pots, boiling pools of water, and steaming geysers. Met with derision, his discovery was dubbed “Colter’s Hell”. Some 65 years later the area would become the world’s first national park and named Yellowstone National Park.

Most mountain men were “company men”, that is, they worked for a fur trading company. Their job was to trap not explore. From 1810 to the late 1830s, approximately 3000 men trapped furs in an area 200 miles south of the present day Montana and Canadian border down to present-day New Mexico. The explorers for these fur-trapping companies, for the most part, did their scouting during the summer.

In short, most mountain men were motivated not to summit peaks or bust through an impenetrable area during the winter, just to say they did it, but to make money off the fur trade. If an explorer did summit a peak, it was generally to survey the surrounding area.

My winter routes typically take me into the high alpine regions where I stay as much as possible. There are few animals and birds up there. Deer, elk, and the American bison, more popularly known as the buffalo, are in the lower elevation winter ranges where they can forage through the winter. For similar reasons, beaver and muskrat need streams and forests, none of which exists in the alpine regions. The carnivores follow their food supply into the lower elevations. For that same reason, the mountain men stayed in the lower elevations, following their fur supply.

There are also noteworthy differences in the equipment they used compared to the gear in my inventory that made travel into the high country more difficult, if not outright impossible. With their equipment, they could do things that I could never do with my gear. There is no way I could build a cabin, kill an animal for meat and/or for its hide. On the other hand, the mountain men’s equipment was useless in aiding them to climb or traverse 60° to 80° snow and ice slopes. None of them carried crampons, since the first crampon design was in 1908. While the ice ax existed, it was still in Europe.

What the mountain men sought required them to use numerous horses and mules to carry their supplies and equipment. Like a human being, stock are unable to move in deep powder and snowpack, much less forage for their food. Just to preserve their essential stock required the mountain men to stay where their animals could forage through the winter.

Like the mountain men, most of my travel is with snowshoes. That’s where the similarities pretty much come to a halt though. Their high maintenance and heavier flotation devices were made of wood and leather thong manufacture, while mine are aluminum and polypropylene construction. Additionally, my snowshoes have steel alloy teeth to grip in a snow crust, making them far superior in the steep ascents and descents of the Rocky Mountains. Even with the teeth of the snowshoes I possess however, the flotation devices cease functioning in the steeper angled peaks of the Rockies. That is where the mountaineering gear is essential. Without the technical gear I possess, that did not exist during the days of the mountain men, any attempt to access an area like Hole in the Wall in Glacier National Park would have been a suicidal failure.

For the 462-mile winter trek in 2015, I have 599 pounds of food and fuel. Of that, 135 pounds is fuel while the remainder is dehydrated food and olive oil. I have 34 resupplies along a one-way route and carry a 4-pound tent. In a similar manner, the mountain men had trap lines and log shelters containing supplies scattered up and down those lines. Their food was similar in some respects such as pemmican, dried meat, and flour. Unlike me though, they ate huge quantities of fresh meat, while most of my food is vegetarian. Without that fresh meat, in September 1805 the Corps of Discovery almost starved to death getting across the spine of the Bitterroot Range and ended up dining on horsemeat.

Something else that has happened are the monumental changes that have taken place with the equipment in the last 200 years. While my crampons and the teeth on the snowshoes are steel, everything else is lightweight aluminum. With the exception of the wool socks and some goose down, everything I wear is synthetic material. In short, the load I carry today is probably more than 50% lighter than 100 years ago. That means I can carry more supplies for longer winter trips, and into areas that would have been untouchable a century earlier, much less 200 years ago.

My winter bedroom weighs 10.25 pounds, which includes the accessory chair and a three-quarter length self-inflating pad to go with the chair. My bedroom might weigh one third of what it would have weighed 100 or more years ago. At the same time, my sleeping gear will keep me warm in a tent when the temperature is 50 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.

The Scott expedition 100 years ago in Antarctica had eider down sleeping bags available. Eider, the warmest down on the face of the planet, like goose down, begins to fail at the first hint of body moisture. The Scott expedition was unable to preserve the fill power from the body’s moisture. Therefore, when Scott made his successful attempt to arrive at the South Pole, he was compelled to use the much heavier fur and wool blankets for sleeping gear. While their blankets and furs held up far better than a down sleeping bag, eventually their sleeping system failed due to the moisture buildup from their bodies. During their return, the men, along with Scott, froze to death before getting back to safety. They died in their sleeping gear. The short of this is that the weight of the gear of 100 years ago slowed the Scott expedition down and made the trip far more dangerous, and as it turned out impossible. Today, we have the means to protect the extremely lightweight down. If that were not the case, then I would likely freeze to death sometime after the 7th day of the 90-day trip.

The conclusion of this is that there is nothing exceptional about us today. For that matter, physically the mountain men were undeniably far superior to us. However, with the equipment we possess today, it is possible for us to access locations where the mountain men were incapable of getting to, or even had any interest in “being the first”.

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Of Crusty Importance: El Nino

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Two days after a snowstorm, the snowshoes were dropping through the powder snow 1.5 feet. Another storm would arrive later this day and drop another three feet of snow. The location was the western edge of Yellowstone National Park, on Madison Plateau and near the Continental Divide.

In another indication of the rapidly closing date for beginning the 93-day winter expedition, Montana and Idaho’s mountain snowpack has begun to accumulate. Being early winter however, it comes as no surprise that the NOAA SNOTEL site near Darkhorse Lake (8700 feet), located in the southern Bitterroot Range, shows that in the last five days the snowpack has dropped from nine to six inches. More is on the way though. Beginning tomorrow evening, November 1, another 12 inches could fall. Moreover, with our going into November, the average daily temperature is continuing to drop. Most of that snow is going to remain on the ground until next June.

Of far greater interest to me than the increasing snowpack is the weather phenomenon known as El Niño. I am hoping it plays a strong role in next winter’s snowshoe trip. As of this date though, there is some uncertainty of how strong it will be, or for that matter, when the event will begin. The latest extended forecast, released on October 16, 2014 called for a 67% chance of a mild El Niño beginning by mid-November. From Yellowstone National Park to Butte Montana, the area I will be traveling through next winter, the impact of this weather pattern normally means less snowpack and more importantly, warmer temperatures. Those higher than average temperatures could create a crust I can walk on sooner than the latter days of February.

The reason I don’t begin extended winter trips until at least the beginning of February, is due to the condition of the snow. Although I relish the idea of having enough snowpack to cover brush, timber fall, and rock fields, the real reason I wait until later concerns whether a crust has formed on the snowpack. Traveling in deep powder is a nightmare. It can cut my daily average of 6 and 8 miles down to 3 and 4 miles.

The La Niña winter of 2008 brought the opposite effect of El Niño. With the storms lining up behind each other, I traveled through three feet of powder during the latter days of March. That occurred during the double crossing of the Bitterroot Range west of Montana’s Bitterroot Valley. The average day was eight hours of travel with my forward progress between three and four miles. Because I was compelled to build trail without the backpack, I actually traveled between 9 and 12 miles each day. I needed nine days to travel the first 25 miles, which included going over Blodgett Pass. By the last day, even my three-day emergency food supply was at the crumbs level. Fortunately, the resupply bucket was where it was supposed to be.

A crust would have changed the character of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness trip (although I wonder what I would have written about if the trip had gone smoothly). As it were, the snowshoe portion of the trip was only 115 miles, but still took one month to complete.

Using primarily snowshoes, the distance I will travel on the Continental Divide during the winter of 2015 will be 462 miles. I have to be able to average approximately 5 miles per day for 93 days. That is not possible in deep powder. Granted, I will have 107 days of supplies out there, but I will have to make up the days of downtime from the inevitable storms. More than that, for as much as 12 days I will be traveling on rope and crampons, where the measurement of forward progress is in feet rather than miles.

Another troubling consideration is the Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness, which I will enter 375 miles into the trip. During the winter of 2007, I undertook five trips in this wilderness, where the final trip included crossing it and the Continental Divide. As the result of that experience, I consider it vital to get through the wilderness near the end of the winter rather than begin the following winter’s trip with the Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness still in front of me.

So yes, I am watching with a keen interest in what the future holds with the El Niño weather pattern.

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Discipline through Making Mistakes

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I started out needing to place 27 resupplies in the backcountry for the winter Continental Divide trip. Finally, with only three remaining, I hesitantly hoped that the worst was behind me so I could begin focusing on the winter training. In the last month and a week, not all had gone well with the first 24 caches.

Admittedly, the most recent placement 48 hours earlier went better than I perceived it would. In the early days of August, my wife and I had reconnoitered the Darkhorse Lake area 20 miles south of today’s hike. As a result, my head prophesied a tough day hike on my return into that area. As it happened though, I made the 7.3-mile trip in just under six hours. While the Darkhorse Lake day hike gave me hope, too many other trips had scratched out my psychic eyes, such as the Mile Creek Canyon hike in Henrys Lake Mountains 14 days earlier. My feet were still sporting marks from the blisters I got from that trip.

So yes, I had a little hope that the day hike in Montana and Idaho’s rugged southern Bitterroot Range to the cirque in Big Lake Creek Canyon would go better. And no, I didn’t trust October 9, 2014 at all.

At 11:20 AM, I left the trailhead at the foot of Twin Lakes. As I walked away from the van, I was less concerned about the late time then my throbbing left thumb. I had ripped the nail partially off 10 minutes earlier during my final prep at the vehicle.

Although it felt heavier, at 45 pounds the load was light when compared to the training load that was coming beginning in the early days of November. Already the chronic pain in the small of my back was announcing its presence. Lately I had been experiencing pain free days with a load this size. Years of experience however said that if the pain stayed with me for more than five minutes, it was only going to get worse as the day wore on, creating one long day.

Almost three hours later, the day lost any humor it may have had, except I had yet to make that discovery. I had long since lost count of the number of trees that had fallen across the unmaintained trail, along with the bogs, springs, and streams. I had slogged through, gone around, crawled under, or climbed over these trail treasures almost continuously for the first 3.5 miles. In addition, according to my readings, I had one more mile to travel and another 500 feet to ascend. Although not overwhelmed by it, the pain in my back had slowed me down to an average of 1.3 mph.

Straight ahead through the thick forest sawed logs were on either side of the obvious trail. To my immediate right was another bog. On the other side of it, I could see more bushes, trees, and the slight openings found in higher elevation forests away from north face areas. I found it curious that the trail was closing in on the north face of the canyon. The planned route, based off a previous trip in 2006, was to the right side of Big Lake Creek. Several minutes later, and now on the bottom of the north face, the trail suddenly ceased to exist.

I have a serious character flaw that I still practice too often, an aversion to going over ground I have already walked. With the cessation of the trail came the emergence of this defect, a major mistake that changed the character of the hike. I was beginning to feel tired, and with the loss of the trail, the irritation emerged. I was damned if I would go back down that trail. I knew where I was at, and at this elevation, 7850 feet; the forest couldn’t possibly become much thicker, could it?

In another 35 minutes, I had only traveled a quarter mile inside the north face forest and ascended 300 feet. My ire had grown proportionally to the increasing exhaustion. I also realized I had made a bad mistake, but it was too late to go back now. Time had become an issue. Assuming the same pace, if I turned around now and headed for the vehicle, I would arrive at dusk. However, inside my backpack was a 15-pound resupply for next winter. Besides, the Continental Divide Trail couldn’t be that far away.

Inside the heavy forest, I had emerged into an open area, which revealed the 50° angled slope up to the flat. It was a 75-foot wide avalanche chute, with a running stream on its eastern edge. By all that I could see, I only needed to switchback a quarter-mile to the flat and the Continental Divide Trail. Meanwhile the original goal on the other side of the Big Lake Creek cirque was still .63 miles distance as the crow flies. To get over there I would have to meander around trees, bushes, bogs, fallen trees, and ankle twisting bear grass clumps. I began climbing.

As I ascended, I stopped numerous times, once for 15 minutes. I had been sitting on the slope for 10 minutes when I glanced down at the heart rate monitor. It read 204. Unsure whether it was an accurate reading, I noted that although I was tired, I felt fine. Nevertheless, it occurred to me that I had no experience on what a heart attack would feel like. That’s when I sent a message through my satellite connected personal messenger device. I said I would wait another five minutes, which I did. As I neared the end of that time, I glanced down at the heart rate monitor. It now read 170 bpm. I looked again less than a minute later. The reading was 113. The high heart rate reading had apparently been a false alarm, probably the result of a faulty connection or low battery inside my chest monitor strap.

I arrived on the flat 15 minutes later. In a sudden rush of relief, I let out a short-lived victorious roar. I had needed 45 minutes to ascend 300 feet and was now approaching exhaustion. Meanwhile there was still a cache to place, nor would I be going out the way I came in. With the cache placed almost one hour later and a half mile traveled along the arch of the cirque, I finally began the descent, leaving the 8700-foot elevation and Continental Divide Trail behind.

I dropped into the area of the forest where I was supposed to have come up in the first place. In spite of the loss of 15 pounds out of my backpack, the pain in my back was now continuous and increasing. I began to stop every one to three minutes and use an exercise to stretch the lower back muscles, except the stretches had become almost ineffective.

The sun had dropped behind the ridgeline 300 feet above me where the actual Continental Divide was located. I now realized that it would be hours after darkness settled before I got back to the vehicle. It was a blessing that I did not know how long it would actually take.

I found the old abandon miner’s cabin half an hour later located at the head of Big Lake Creek. Glancing through the opening that used to be the door, I spotted the rusted out and broken kitchen stove. My mind’s eye imagined a picture of the structure when there was a roof, door, a bed to sleep on, and a hot fire in the stove. Then came my first thought about abandoning the exit and spending the night in the backcountry. I gave the cabin a final glance and continued the descent on the freshly found trail.

In another 45 minutes, I reconnected with the trail intersection where I had made the mistake. It only took a few moments to see that the bog had erased the real trail. Yet I could not help but wonder how I missed it this time when eight years earlier I had brought my wife, dog and I through this area without incident.

When I arrived at the bog, I had traveled almost seven miles in seven hours. Now footsore and tired, I was keenly aware there was still approximately 3.5 miles to travel on a badly dilapidated trail. If my present pace continued, which was similar to ascending the canyon, then I was still three hours away from the vehicle. I figured I had approximately 45 minutes of daylight remaining.

Just before 7 PM, I brought out my head lantern, but didn’t turn it on for another 10 minutes. As time passed, I increasingly examined the thought of building a bed under one of the large Douglas fir pine trees and then make my exit the following morning. I nevertheless kept traveling. At my final stop, I sent a message through the messenger that I was still probably one hour away from the trailhead. I noted that I had been walking for an hour and a half in the dark.

Using the homing function on my GPS watch, I quit the trail 50 minutes later and attempted a shortcut to the trailhead. I crossed the final stream and bog, this time fighting to get through a hedge of willows at the same time, and arrived at the vehicle nine minutes later.

Without a doubt, to date the Big Lake Creek Canyon has been the most difficult day hike in the last month and a half along the Continental Divide. Hours before getting to the vehicle, I fixed the blame squarely on myself. Oh yes, I bill myself as quite the backcountry traveler. One of the resultant returns with that kind of thinking is the difficulty I have admitting the truth about my humanity.

All too often, I apparently need to experience a whole lot of mistakes, most of them repeats of lessons learned from previous trips. I think though that as much as I hold making mistakes with great disfavor, they may keep me from getting too big. Therefore, when the real trip begins, in this case continuing the winter Continental Divide trip, I hope my ego is in check. That will increase my ability to survive the perils of winter travel and perhaps minimize my mistakes.

In that light, mistake riddled day hikes are damned good training. On the other hand, there is the potential for another three months of damned good training events. Just thinking about it 24 hours later makes me feel tired. Maybe after the main trip begins though, I will finally get a breather. Oh brother, here’s another illusion probably setting me up for one more good whacking.

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Progress: Ignoring the Cackle

Goldstone Lake in the Southern Bitterroot Range. Located at the head of Bloody Dick Creek Canyon, near Goldstone Pass on the
Goldstone Lake in the Southern Bitterroot Range. Located at the head of Bloody Dick Creek Canyon, near Goldstone Pass on the Montana and Idaho border, which is also the Continental Divide.

As I traipsed up the hillside of Mount Helena 90, 60, and then only 30 days ago, I asked myself repeatedly why I should keep going. Wasn’t it already clear enough that my days of carrying a load were over?

On the Fourth of July weekend my wife, Carleen, the dogs, and I day hiked to Johnson Lake in Montana’s Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness, five miles beyond the trailhead, and retrieved a four-day cache, which I placed there the previous autumn. Going in I doubt I was carrying 25 pounds. During the exit the load was approximately 45 pounds, and too much for my back. Carleen offered numerous times to relieve me of at least some of the load. I refused and finally requested that she not to ask anymore, which she obliged. At the first of two bridge crossings on Falls Fork Rock Creek, we encountered another day hiker. Seeing the pain I was in, he offered to carry the load. Although tempted, I also turned his good deed away. We saw him again three quarters of an hour later. At this point, the pain was so excruciating, I was stopping every 100 to 200 feet. Once more, he offered to carry the load, which I again turned down. I eventually arrived at the trailhead, though I was near the end of my rope. The following day we hiked up another canyon similar in distance and elevation. This time Carleen carried the pack without any complaints from me for the entire trip.

The Fourth of July weekend was about seven weeks ago. During that time, I have had very little hope that I would ever get to backpack again, much less continue the Continental Divide trips for the next three winters. I continued to ask myself the rhetorical question of why I should keep going, whose real meaning was “I want to quit”. But I kept going. As recently as two weeks ago, Carleen carried my seven-pound camera bag out of the backcountry in the southern Bitterroot Range of the Big Hole Valley. She enthusiastically observed that I carried a 25 or 30-pound load 5 miles in an ascent of close to 2000 feet, a feat I was unable to do one month earlier. She accused that event as being progress, while I disagreed. For heaven’s sakes, in less than six months, I was going to have to carry upwards of 90 to 100 pounds, five to seven hours every day while wearing snowshoes! Yeah, some kind of progress.

Still carrying approximately 20 pounds on my back, we had to stop often until the pain subsided enough for us to continue toward the vehicle. Then something happened. We were within one mile of the vehicle when I called for what turned out to be the final stop. As we started moving again, I recalled what a yoga therapist fruitlessly tried to explain to me three weeks earlier. To minimize the pain as I walked I would attempt to curve my spine in the direction I was walking, while keeping my body upright, rather than hunched over. It worked! The pain disappeared for the remainder of the walk.

Nevertheless, on the chance that it was a fluke I said nothing to Carleen about it until the next day during the exit of another canyon similar to the previous day. Once I verified that the previous day’s experience was bona fide by carrying the same load unassisted, that I had finally hit pay dirt, only then did I tell her about it.

After that day I progressed with ever larger loads until finally two days ago I carried 70.5 pounds on Mount Helena and covered a distance of one and three-quarter miles in one hour. No pain! Encouraged tremendously, the following day I changed out the smaller 20-year-old backpack for the newer and larger backpack. I also included an additional 21 ounces of water, all of which increased my load to 75.5 pounds. The result was a new day, a different experience, and not a pleasant one. For approximately half of the one-hour walk I was on the edge of low-level pain.

I was 300 feet from the asphalt of the city streets when once again I silently asked myself what the use was to continue. This was the same incantation of five months earlier when I was without a load, and then repeatedly through the remainder of spring and again this summer. It is almost as if my head has only one answer for pain and being uncomfortable: Quit. Hell, a barnyard chicken has a larger variety of cackles than that.

So here’s the deal concerning my carrying over 70 pounds for the third day running. I will do my normal stretching and strengthening exercises, put on that large pack and head up the hill. Because it is part of the scheduled strengthening and endurance training, I will also increase the amount of ascending/descending for the day, and travel a greater distance. And when my head once again starts its singular cackle, I will keep walking and climbing.

 

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The Continental Divide Winter Trip Resumes

On March 17, 2014, I will attempt to continue snowshoeing along Montana’s portion of the Continental Divide. The trip began on February 1 and abruptly ended on February 6 with the snowmobile ride to West Yellowstone, Montana. There were a number of reasons for the exit, any one of which would have required my postponement of the trip.

  • The yet to be resolved issue of whether I had high-altitude sickness or carbon monoxide poisoning. Since I was at the elevation of 8200 feet for most of those days, I am leaning toward the carbon monoxide poisoning.
  • I was not in good enough shape to carry the nearly 100-pound load.
  • Snowstorms in February dropped exorbitant amounts of powder snow, which from the outset prevented my movement in spite of the large backcountry snowshoes I use.

Because I will begin traveling from Macks Inn, Idaho, there is now an additional 15 miles. However, I may alter the route further on in the Eastern Centennial Mountains that will undo the extra miles. With that said, I still have approximately 462 miles to attempt to complete no later than the middle of May. With at least a 70-pound load, it is unlikely I will complete that distance in 60 days. I would have to maintain a daily average of 7.7 miles. The more realistic average will be five miles per day for the first 30 days and possibly eight miles per day for the second 30 days.

Coming up short could be a blessing though. With the above average snowpack in the Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness, the last segment I will travel through this winter, after the middle of April and into May the raging spring avalanches could be fatal. Less than seven days ago, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) predicted a possible El Niño weather pattern for this year. Where the Continental Divide in Montana is concerned, that interprets into a low snowpack and warmer temperatures for next winter, something I would much prefer while traveling through the Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness.

Having lost 1 ½ months of travel time, in an attempt to increase my pace to a five mile per day average, I have lowered the backpack’s weight to below 75 pounds. West of Monida Pass and along the Southern Bitterroot Range, I will try to increase the daily distance to 10 miles per day. Once I arrive at the Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness however, this level of mileage will be impossible.

Because the travel will be half again to double the normal pace, I will only need one-half to three quarters of the caches along the route. A four-day cache with an allotment of 7150 calories per day will now become an approximate eight-day supply. That means, barring any delays, there are far more supplies along the route then I can possibly consume. In short, a lighter load to carry.

Although it will increase the peril of the trip, with the exception of the crampons and ice ax, the climbing gear will remain behind. Additionally, I will no longer need the heavier sleeping gear that protects me from prolonged winter travel combined with temperatures down to 40 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.

Meanwhile battery power for my equipment continues to be an issue. For that reason, using the personal locator device I will only send a progress report once a day to Facebook and Twitter. I will also exit overnight at Raynolds Pass, 63 miles into the trip, Monida Pass at 149 miles, and Chief Joseph Pass at 351 miles each to upload files and recharge the batteries. By leaving three camera batteries behind, I will save 17 ounces, but lose half of my ability to take 4800 digital captures. Finally, I will carry less AA and AAA batteries for such equipment as my head lantern.

 

 

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Montana’s 990 Miles of Continental Divide in the Winter

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To Snowshoe the Continental Divide in Montana

Blodgett canyon from the ascent of Blodgett Pass in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness.
Blodgett canyon from the ascent of Blodgett Pass in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness.

It was tough getting across the spine of the Bitterroot Range twice during the winter of 2008. Although the distance was approximately 140 miles and a La Niña weather pattern dominated the weather with continuous snowstorms, I had sufficient time to complete the trip. During the 40-day period between the middle of March to near the end of April, it nevertheless became clear that I was running out time. In the early morning hours, as I prepared for another day the effects of the previous day’s travel had me wrapped in a listless level of energy. While tempted to quit the trip at numerous points, I refused.

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